The Concept of Nursing in Holistic Theories: An Integrative Review

Document Type : Original Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD candidate of nursing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associated professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: The initial review of the holistic nursing theories showed that while most definitions of holism share the same attributes, its application to nursing practice has led to much discourse.
Aim: This review therefore was carried out to analyze the concept of nursing in three known holistic theories including Rogers, Watson, and Margaret Newman.
Method: This concept analysis of nursing in the holistic theories was conducted based on Broom methodology of integrative review. Different stages of review included problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis, conclusion drawing and verification.
The literature was consisted of four books from three known theorists, and eight relevant articles. They retrieved from English data bases including SCOPUS and MEDLINE.
Results: The results of nursing concept analysis in holistic theories showed that holistic nursing is a process of mutual relationship of human to human in which the nurse participates in a heart-centered, purposeful and conscious presence, caring of the client as an irreducible, respectful whole, in mutual relation with environment. This requires individual empowerment and intentionality of the nurse as well as client’s trust. to the consequence of this relationship is a feeling of well being for both partners and protection, enhancement, and preservation of human dignity.  
Conclusion: Through the process of concept analysis in this study we conclude that holistic nursing is a mutual evolving participative process. Although the basis of these holistic theorists’ thoughts of holism is similar, but each theorist has viewed a special aspect of its application. The analysis of nursing concept gives us a theoretical integrative definition consists of the attributes and the requirements of its application and the exact role of each partners in the caring relationship process that can help to clarify, measure and use this concept in clinical practice.                

Keywords


  1. King, M.O.B. and M. Gates, F, Teaching Holistic Nursing: The Legacy of Nightingale. The Nursing clinics of North America, 2007. 42(2): p. 309-33.
  2. Lawrence, C., Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920-1950. 1998: Oxford University Press.
  3. Erickson, H.L., Philosophy and Theory of Holism. The Nursing clinics of North America, 2007. 42(2): p. 139-163.
  4. Buckley, J., Holism and a Health-promoting Approach to Palliative Care. Int J Palliat Nurs, 2002. 8(10): p. 505-8.
  5. Smith, M. and M.P. McCarthy, Disciplinary Knowledge in Nursing Education: Going Beyond the Blueprints. Nurs Outlook, 2010. 58(1): p. 44-51.
  6. Wadensten, B. and M. Carlsson, Nursing Theory Views on How to Support the Process of Ageing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2003. 42(2): p. 118-24.
  7. McEvoy, L. and A. Duffy, Holistic Practice: A Concept Analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 2008. 8(6): p. 412-19.
  8. Fawcett, J., Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories. second ed. 2005: F.A. Davis Company • Philadelphia.
  9. Lutjens, L.R.J., Martha Rogers: The Science of Unitary Human Beings. first ed. Notes on Nursing Theories, ed. C.M. McQuiston. Vol. 1. 1991, Newbury Park, Califorrda: SAGE Publications International Educational andProfessional Publisher.
  10. Rogers, M.E., Nursing Science and Art: A Prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1988. 1(3): p. 99-101.
  11. Newman, M.A., Health as Expanding Consciousness. 2th ed. 1994: Jones & Bartlett Learning,.
  12. .Watson, J., The Theory of Human Caring: Retrospective and Prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1997. 10(1): p. 49-52.
  13. Walker, L., Avant, K.C.,, Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. 1995, Norwalk, CT.: Appleton-Century-Crofts,.
  14. Tjale, A.A. and J. Bruce, A Concept Analysis of Holistic Nursing Care in Pediatric Nursing. Curationis, 2007. 30(4): p. 45-52.
  15. Broome, M.E., Integrative literature Reviews for the Development of Concepts in Concept Development in Nursing, B. Rodgers and K.A. Knafl, Editors. 2000, W.B Saunders Company .
  16. Whittemore, R. and K. Knafl, The Integrative Review: Updated Methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005. 52(5): p. 546-53.
  17. Parse, R.R., Illuminations: The human Becoming Theory in Practice and Research. 1999, Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett publishers.
  18. Dossey, B.M. and C.E. Guzzetta, Holistic Nursing Practice, in Holistic Nursing: A hand Book for Practice, B.M. Dossey, L. Keegan, and C.E. Guzzetta, Editors. 2005, Jones and Bartlett Publishers: Sudbury.
  19. Rodgers, B.L., Concept analysis: An Evolution View, in Concept Development in Nursing, B.L. Rogers and K.A. Knalf, Editors. 2000, W.B.Saunders Company: united states of America.
  20. Morse, J.M., et al., Criteria for Concept Evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1996. 24(2): p. 385-90.
  21. Rogers, M.E., The Science of Unitary Human Beings: Current Perspectives. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1994. 7(1): p. 33-5.
  22. Watson, J., Human Caring Science: A Theory of Nursing, ed. second. 2011, United States of America: Jones&Bartlett Learning.
  23. Koerner, J.G. and S.S. Bunkers, The Healing Web: An Expansion of Consciousness. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 1994. 12(1): p. 51-63.
  24. Barrett, E.A.M., A Rogerian Practice Methodology for Health Patterning. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1998. 11(4): p. 136-38.
  25. Watson, J., Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. revised edition ed. 2008, Colorado  University Press of Colorado.
  26. Rogers, M.E., Nursing Science and the Space Age. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1992. 5(1): p. 27-34.
  27. Newman, M.A., Evolution of the Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1997. 10(1): p. 22-25.
  28. Watson, J., Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. 2008, University Press of Colorado: Colorado.
  29. Newman, M.A., Newman's Theory of Health as Praxis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1990. 3(1): p. 37-41.
  30. Watson, J., B.M. Dossey, and l. .Dossey, Post modern Nursing and Beyond. 1999, Edinburgh: Churchil Livingstone.
  31. Watson, J., Intentionality and Caring-Healing Consciousness: A Practice of Transpersonal Nursing. Holistic Nursing Practice, 2002. 16(4): p. 12-9.
  32. Smith, M.C., Caring and the Science of Unitary Human Beings. Advances in Nursing Science, 1999. 21(4): p. 14-28.
  33. Malinski, V.M., Intentionality, Consciousness, and Creating Community. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2009. 22(1): p. 13-4.
  34. Barrett, E.A.M., Using Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings in Nursing Practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1988. 1(2): p. 50-1.
  35. Hupcey, J.E., et al., An Exploration and Advancement of the Concept of Trust. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2001. 36(2): p. 282-93.
  36. Newman, M., Caring in the Human Health Experience, in Giving voice to What We Know:Margaret Newman's Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness in Nursing Practice, Research, and Education. Carol Picard and D.A. Jones, Editors. 2002, Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 3-11.