Document Type : Original Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper
Authors
1
Department of Health Management, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, and Advanced Research Centre, European University of Lefke, TRNC-10 Mersin, Lefke 99770, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
2
Department of Health Sciences Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Health Services Management, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4
PhD in health services management. Health Economics and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5
Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6
MD-MPH student, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
10.22038/ebcj.2026.94207.3235
Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed both the critical role of vaccines and the challenges to their uptake, such as hesitancy, misinformation, and structural barriers. Existing strategies often lack integration and adaptability during crises. There's a clear need for an evidence-based, expert-informed model that unifies behavioral, structural, and policy approaches to guide vaccination efforts during epidemics.
Aim
This study aims to develop a multidimensional, consensus-based model for promoting vaccination during epidemics.
Method
This mixed-methods study was conducted in three phases. First, a systematic scoping review identified global strategies for promoting vaccination during epidemics. In the second phase, a three-round Delphi study was carried out with 30 experts. In the third phase, dynamic modeling was employed using Python.
Results
The study identified 131 unique strategies, categorized into six domains: Provision, Promotion, Public Awareness, People, Preconditions, and Prizes. Common recommendations included improving access, transparent communication, and culturally tailored campaigns. A Delphi study resulted in consensus on 46 strategies, 28 of which received strong agreement. The highest-ranked strategies focused on large-scale promotional campaigns, use of visual media, accurate information dissemination, and prioritizing vulnerable groups. Dynamic modeling highlighted Promotion and Provision as top priorities.
Implications for Practice
This study presents a dynamic, evidence-based model for promoting vaccination during epidemics. By incorporating real-time adaptability, expert consensus, and socio-cultural responsiveness, it addresses limitations of static models and provides a practical tool for policymakers. Future research should test its applicability in diverse contexts and explore its potential in routine immunization programs.
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