Effects of Psychoeducation on Stigma in Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Clinical Trial

Document Type : Original Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper

Authors

1 Evidence Based Care Research Centre, Instructor of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

2 MS in Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

3 Assistant professor of clinical psychology, psychiatry and behavioral sciences research center, Mashhad university of medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran

4 Evidence Based Care Research Centre, Instructor of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Background: Stigma is the most chal‌lenging care responsibility in families of individuals with psychological disorders. Considering the evident impacts of cultural and social circumstances on stigma, less attention has been paid to this issue and the conducted interventions are limited.
Aim: todetermine the effects of psychoeducation on stigma in family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.
Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, hospitalized at Ibn Sina Hospital of Mashhad in 2014-2015, were assigned to intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The experimental group received psychoeducation according to the model by Falloon et al. (1985) during two 4-hour sessions, while the control group received usual care. The Modified Version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale was completed immediately before and one month after the intervention. For data analysis, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney, independent t-test and paired t-test were performed, using SPSS version 11.5.
Results: In total, 71.7% of family caregivers were female and 28.3% were male. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the intervention (44.3±9.2) and control (43.8±9.7) groups regarding the mean score of stigma (P=0.84). However, the mean change in the total stigma score before and after the intervention was significantly different between the intervention (5.0±8.1) and control (0.03±5.8) groups (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Considering the influence of psychoeducation on individual aspects of stigma, this method can be applied to reduce stigma at psychiatric hospitals.

Keywords

References

  1. References

    1. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 11 th ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer; 2014.
    2. Ettinger U, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Wagner M, Koutsouleris N. Genetics, Cognition, and Neurobiology of Schizotypal Personality: a Review of The Overlap with Schizophrenia. J Psychiatry. 2014;5(18):1-16.
    3. Zauszniewski JA, Bekhet AK. Factors Associated With the Emotional Distress of Women Family Members of Adults with Serious Mental Illness. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2014;28(2):102-7.
    4. Chan SW-c. Global Perspective of Burden of Family Caregivers for Persons With Schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2011;25(5):339-49.
    5. Nojomi M, Malakouti SK, Ghanean H, Joghataei MT, Jacobsson L. Mental Illness Stigma in City of Tehran, 2009. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010-2011;17(78):45-52. (Persian)
    6. Pinto-Foltz MD, Logsdon C. Reducing Stigma Related to Mental Disorders: Initiatives, Interventions, and Recommendations for Nursing.Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2009; 23(1): 32-40.
    7. Angermeyer MC, Schulze B, Dietrich S. Courtesy Stigma: A Focus Group Study of Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38(10):593-602.
    8. Sanden RLMvd, Bos AER, Stutterheim SE, Pryor JB, Kok G. Experiences of Stigma by Association among Family Members of People With Mental Illness. Rehabil Psychol. 2013;58(1):73-80.
    9. Kianpoor M. Stigma Notes on Management of Spoiled Identity. Tehran: Markaz; 1386.
    10. Park S, Park KS. Family Stigma: A Concept Analysis. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2014:1-7.
    11. Girma E, Möller-Leimkühler AM, Müller N, Dehning S, Froeschl G, Tesfaye M. Public Stigma against Family Members of People with Mental Illness: Findings from The Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center(GGFRC), Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014;14(2):2-7.
    12. Gonzalez-Torres MA, Oraa R, Arıstegui M, Fernandez-Rivas A, Guimon J. Stigma and Discrimination Towards People with Schizophrenia and Their Family Members. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(1):14-23.
    13. Farzand M, Abidi M. Effects of Mental Illness Stigma on Social Identity and Social Isolation among Family Caregivers of Psychatrric Patients. Med Pharm Sci. 2013;4(1):31-40.
    14. Zisman-Ilani Y, Levy-Frank I, Hasson-Ohayon I, Kravetz S, Mashiach-Eizenberg M, Roe D. Measuring the Internalized Stigma of Parents of Persons with a Serious Mental Illness the Factor Structure of the Parents’ Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(3):183-7.
    15. Sepehrmanesh Z. Stigma of Mental Illness in Children and Their Parents:Developmental Concepts and Parent Concerned and Research Needs. Iranian Association of  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006(5&6):3-14. (Persian)
    16. Rezaeedehnavi S, Nori A, Jafari M, Faramarzi S. Investigating Stigma Phenomenon among Mothers with Down Syndrome Children in Isfahan: A Psycho-Social Approach. Family Research. 2008;5(19):401-16. (Persian)
    17. Tavakoli S, Kaviani H, Sharifi V, Sadeghi M, Fotohi A. Review the Components of Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Stigmatization of People with Mental Illness. Cognitive Science. 2006;8(2):31-43. (Persian)
    18. Papadopoulos C, Foster J, Caldwell K. Individualism-Collectivism’ as an Explanatory Device for Mental Illness Stigma. Community Ment Health J. 2012;49(3(:270-80
    19. Khanipour H, Golzari M, Shams J, zare H, Karamlou S. Relationship Between Shame Attitude Towards Mental Disorders and Expressed Emotion in Family Members of People with Bipolar and Schizophrenia. Journal of Family Research. 2013;9(2):241-54. (Persian)
    20. Girma E, Möller-Leimkühler AM, Dehning S, Mueller N, Tesfaye M, Froeschl G. Self-Stigma among Caregivers of People with Mental Illness: Toward Caregivers’ Empowerment. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014;7:37-43.
    21. Ghahari S. Family Psychoeducation(Models,Objectives and Methods of Implementation). Tehran: Boshra; 2004.
    22. Hofmann SG, Tompson MC. Treating Chronic and Severe Mental Disorders: A Handbook of Empirically Supported Interventions. New York: A Division of Guilford Publications; 2002.
    23. Bhattacharjee D, Rai AK, Singh NK, Kumar P, Munda SK, Das B. Psychoeducation: A Measure to Strenghten Psychiatric Treatment. Delhi Psychiatry Journal. 2011;14(1):33-9.
    24. Uchino T, Maeda M, Uchimura N. Psychoeducation may Reduce Self-Stigma of People with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder. Kurume Med J. 2012;59(1,2):25-31.
    25. Cuhadar D, Cam O. Effectiveness of Psychoeducation in Reducing Internalized Stigmatization in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2014;28(1):62-6.
    26. Pinto-Foltz M, Logsdon MC, Myers J. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Initial Efficacy of a Knowledge-Contact Program to Reduce Mental Illness Stigma and Improve Mental Health Literacy in Adolescents. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(12):2011-9.
    27. Hasson-Ohayona I, Levy I, Kravetza S, Vollanski-Narkisa A, Roeb D. Insight into Mental Illness, Self-Stigma, and the Family Burden of Parents of Persons with a Severe Mental Illness. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(1):75-80.
    28. Kiropoulos LA, Griffiths KM, Blashki G. Effects of a Multilingual Information Website Intervention on the Levels of Depression Literacy and Depression-Related Stigma in Greek-Born and Italian-Born Immigrants Living in Australia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(2):1-25.
    29. Han D-Y, Chen S-H, Hwang K-K, Wei H-L. Effects of Psychoeducation for Depression on Help-Seeking Willingness: Biological Attribution Versus Destigmatization. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60 (6):662-8.
    30. Ghanean H, Nojomi M, Jacobsson L. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness in Tehran,Iran. Stigma Res Action. 2011;1(1):11-7. (Persian)
    31. Martinez-Zambrano F, Garcia-Morale E, Garcia-Franco M, Miguel J, Villellas R, Pascual G, et al. Intervention for Reducing Stigma: Assessing the Influence of Gender and Knowledge. World J Psychiatr. 2013;2(3):18-24.
    32. Sharif F, Shaygan M, Mani A. Effect of a Psycho-Educational Intervention for Family Members on Caregiver Burdens and Psychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia in Shiraz, Iran. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12(48):2-9. (Persian)
    33. Karimi Y. Social Psychology. 11th ed. Tehran: Publication Ravan; 2006.
    34. Lotfikashani F, Pashasharifi H, Seifi M. Effects of Psychoeducation (Atkinson and the Koya Model) on the General Health of Families with Children with Schizophrenia. Thought and Behavior. 2010;5(17):65-78.(Persian)
Evidence Based Care
Volume 5, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
October 2015
Pages 63-76

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics