Experiences of Commissioning Mothers in Selection of Surrogate Mother

Document Type : Original Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Candidate for Nursing, Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University & Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

2 Associated professor, Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Gynecology, Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: The practice of surrogacy is one of the most controversial procedures in infertility treatment. Despite increasing of using this technology in Iran, there are few practical data about surrogacy.There isn't any study assessing experiences of commissioning mothers about surrogate mother selection.
Aim: The purpose of this study was exploring of commissioning mothers' experiences in selection of surrogate mother.
Method: This study has been done with qualitative approach in 2010-2012. The method of data collection was unstructured interview and sampling was purposeful. Generally 32 interviews were done with 15 commissioning mothers with gestational surrogacy and 5 infertility centers' personnel. Environment of research was Royan Research Center in Tehran and other governmental or nongovernmental infertility centers, hospitals and clinics that have done surrogacy in Iran. Data analysis has been done by use of conventional content analysis method. Also the research process reported point by point for verification, credibility, transferability and audit research. Approval of the ethics committee and obtaining of informed consent from participants was including ethical considerations of this study.
Results: Finally three main themes were revealed that were indicative of partnerships' essence and dimensions of their experiences about choosing the surrogate mother. They were including 1."Challenge of surrogate mother selection" 2. "To benefit of helper/backer" 3. "Inefficient support"  
Conclusion: Selection of surrogate mother is the most challenging stage of surrogate motherhood and also the supportive system isnt efficient. Presentation of context based findings could help to attendants for accurate planing.

Keywords

References

  1. Asghari F. Ethical Issues in Surrogate Motherhood. J Reprod Infertil 2008; 9(1):31-5. (Persian)
  2. Haghighat F, Azad-Hoosh S, Alaeedini Z, Moetamedi S, and Rasulzadeh-Tabatabaie SK. Surrogacy: Attitudes of Iranian Males and Females about Surrogacy. Second ed. Tehran: SAMT; 2009.(Persian)
  3. Gugucheva, M., Surrogacy in America. 2010, Council for Responsible Genetics: Cambridge.
  4. Yousefi H, Ghahari S. Perspectives and Chalenges of Surrogacy in Iran. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(2):138-43. (Persian)
  5. Hamdolahi A, Roshan M. Comparative Study of Jurisprudence and legal Contract of Surrogacy. First ed. Tehran: Majd. 2009. P:312. (Persian)
  6. Brinsden PR. Gestational surrogacy. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9(5):483-91.
  7. Akhondi MA, Behjati-Ardakani Z. Surrogacy and the Necessity for its Application in Infertility Treatment. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):8-13. (Persian)
  8. Pashmi M, Ahmadi SA, Tabatabaie SMS. The Need for Counceling Surrogate Mothers J Reprod Infertil January March 2009;9(4):361-72. (Persian)
  9. Aramesh K. Etical Assessment of Monetary Relationship in Surrogacy. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):37-42. (Persian)
  10.  Garmaroudi S. Gestational Surrogacy in Iran. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):51-64. (Persian)
  11. Strathern M. Still Giving Nature a Helping Hand? Surrogacy: A Debate About Technology and Society. J. Mol. Biol 2002;319:985-93.
  12.  Fazli-Khalaf Z, Shafiabadi A, Tarahhomi M. Psychological Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):44-9. (Persian)
  13.  van den Akker OBA. Psychosocial Sspects of Surrogate Motherhood. Hum Reprod Update 2007;13(1):53-62.
  14.  Jafaritabar H. As loving the child; Surrogacy From a Jurisprudential Perspective. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(2):116-20. (Persian)
  15. Naseri-Moghadam H. Jurisprudential Laws of Relationship Regarding Infants Born via Surrogacy. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):15-29. (Persian)
  16. Qasemzadeh SM. Fundamental Conditions of Validity of the Contracts for Treatment of Infertility Applying Gamete and Embryo. Payesh 2007;6(4):419-37. (Persian)
  17.  Qasemzadeh SM. Surrogacy Contracts in the Iranian Law. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(2):183-94. (Persian)
  18. Seifi G. Third Party Rights in Surrogate Mother Contacts. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(1):66-81. (Persian)
  19.  Al-Hasani S. Islamic Consideration (in Suni School) Regarding Bioethics and ART (especially oocyte and embryo donation) and the Law in Germany. Payesh 2007;6(4):379-84.
  20. Ghorbani B, Behjati-Ardakani Z. Openness about a Child's Origins in Surrogacy in Comparison with Adoption & Art. J Reprod Infertil 2008;9(2):131-36. (Persian)
  21.  Akhondi MM, Behjati-Ardakani Z, Arefi S, Sadri-Ardekani H, Persian MA, Zarnani AH et al., A Close Look at Natural and in Vitrom Fertilization as well as the Need for Donated Gametes in Treatment of Infertility. Payesh 2007;6(4):307-21. (Persian)
  22.  Ziyaie T, Ghobadi K, Ziyaie F. Positive and Negative Effects of Surrogacy on a Group of People from Gorgan. Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery 2007;4(2):46-50. (Persian)
  23.  Pashmi M, Tabatabaie SMS, Ahmadi SA. Evaluating the Experiences of Surrogate and Intended Mothers in Terms of Surrogacy in Isfahan. IJRM 2010;8(1):33-40.
  24.  Polit D, Tatano C. Essentials of Nursing Research,Methods,Appraisal and Utilization. 6th ed. philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
  25. Elo S, Kyngas H. The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. JAN Research Methodology 2007.
  26.  Hsieh, HF, E.Shannon S. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. QHR 2005;15(9):1277-88.
  27. Streubert H, Carpenter D. Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. 4 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007.
  28. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative Content Analysis in Nursing Research: Concepts, Procedures and Measures to Achieve Trustworthiness. NURS EDUC TODAY 2004;24:105-12.
  29. Corbin J, Strauss A. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theoty. third ed. usa: sage publications. 2008. P:310.
  30.  Griswold Z. Surrogacy Was the Way. First ed. USA: Nightengle press. 2006.
  31. Poote AE, van den Akker OBA. British Women’s Attitudes to Surrogacy. Hum Reprod 2009;24(1):139-45.
  32. Ragone H. Surrogate Motherhood, Conception in the Heart. first ed. United State of America: Westview Press. 1994. P:215.
  33. van-den-Akker OBA. Psychological Trait and State Characteristics, Social Support and Attitudes to the Surrogate Pregnancy and Baby. Hum Reprod 2007;22(8):2287–95.
  34.  R.Reilly D. Surrogate Pregnancy: a Guide for Canadian Prenatal Health Care Providers. CMAJ 2007;176(4):483-5.
  35.  G.Schenker J. Assisted Reproduction Practice in Europe: Legal and Ethical Aspects. Hum Reprod Update 1997;3(2):173–84.
  36. Hammarberg K, Johnson L, Petrillo T. Gamete and Embryo Donation and Surrogacy in Australia: the Social Context and Regulatory Framework. IJFS 2011;4(4):176-83.
  37. Whittaker A. Cross-Border Assisted Reproduction Care in Asia: Implications for Access, Equity and Regulations. RHM 2011;19(37):107–16.
  38. Asemani O, Emami M. Comparing The Iranian Surrogacy Law and The Gestational Surrogacy Act of Illinois. J Reprod Infertil 2010;11(4):305-18. (Persian)
  39. Kisu I, Banno K, Mihara M, Iida T, Yoshimura Y. Current Status of Surrogacy in Japan and Uterine Transplantation Research. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 2011;158(2):135-40.
  40. Sharma BR. Forensic Considerations of Surrogacy–An Overview. JCFM 2006;13:80-5.
  41. van-den-Akker, OBA. The Importance of Genetic Link in Mothers Commissioning a Surrogate Baby in Uk. Hum Reprod 2000;15(8):1849-55.
  42. MacCallum F, Lycett E, Murray C, Jadva V, Golombok S. Surrogacy: The Experience of Commissioning Couples. Hum Reprod 2003;18(6):1334-42.
  43. Readings J, Blake L, Casey P, Jadva V, Golombok S. Secrecy, Disclosure and Everything In-Between: Decisions of Parents of Children Concived by Donor Insemination, Egg Donation And Surrogacy. Reprod Biomed Online 2011;22:485-95.
  44. van-den-Akker OBA. Organizational Selection and Assessment of Women Entering a Surrogacy Agreement in the UK. Hum Reprod1999;14(1):262-6.
Evidence Based Care
Volume 2, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
شماره پیاپی چهارم
October 2012
Pages 7-21

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics